Psychological Damage Inflicted by the Residential School System Essay

First Nations youngsters endured numerous types of maltreatment on account of the Canadian Government (Oh, Canada!) under the pretense of private schools. The reasons for the private schools were to expel First Nations kids from the impact of their families and societies, and to intergrade them into the predominant culture (The Residential School System). This was done under the supposition that First Nations culture was lesser, â€Å"to execute the Indian in the child† as it was normally said. The youngsters were persuasively isolated from their families to live in all year schools where they were instructed â€Å"white man† educational plan, with a two-month get-away time, totally isolated from their Aboriginal legacy and taboo from communicating in their own dialects (The Residential School System). On the off chance that these guidelines, alongside numerous others, were broken the disciplines were extreme (Oh, Canada!). Private school survivors discussed their loath some maltreatment during their time at the schools, including: sexual, physical and mental (The Psychological and Intergenerational Impacts of the Indian Residential School System). The understudies got a sub-par instruction, typically just instructed up to review five, preparing them for physical work employments (The Residential School System). The private educational system subverted First Nations culture and disturbed families for ages, leaving serious mental harm in the survivors as well as their families and the accompanying ages (The Psychological and Intergenerational Impacts of the Indian Residential School System). Numerous understudies grew up without encountering a family life, never picking up the experience and information important to raise their very own group. The impacts of the schools were far reac... ...Jonathan Dewar, and Glen Lowry. Ottawa, Ont.: Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2012. Print. Gracious, Canada! Cultural Survival. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Brasfield, C. â€Å"Residential school syndrome.† BC Medical Journal. Vol 43(2), March 2001. Pp. 78-81 Rita Flamand. Speaking My Truth: Reflections on Reconciliation and Residential School. Ed. Shelagh Rogers, Mike DeGagnà ©, Jonathan Dewar, and Glen Lowry. Ottawa, Ont.: Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2006. Print. The Psychological and Intergenerational Impacts of the Indian Private School System. Indian Residential Schools Celebration Project. Anishinabek Nation, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. The Residential School System. Indigenous Foundations. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Walker, Julian. The Indian Residential Schools Truth and Compromise Commission. Parliament of Canada. N.p., 11 Feb. 2009. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

The Food Safety Measures in Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Food Safety Measures in Australia. Answer: The primary driver of food pollution in Australia is the microbial defilement. The microorganisms can develop and duplicate in various nourishments that they devour. The expanded consistence of microbial tainting will get the most driving organism the Salmonella. The circumstances and end results of the various microorganisms Salmonella This specific organism is for the most part connected with the domesticated animals and the chicken food, poultry. The food contamination is related with the not all around prepared food or not sufficiently cooked eggs, unpasteurized journal and crude milk and cheeses. The impact of Salmonella contamination is that it will prompt gastro influenza like malady. The ailment is known as the Salmonellosis. Anticipation will incorporate the avoidance of the individuals bearing the Salmonella disease. The food ought to be all around cooked. There ought to be severe measures in taking care of the food (Zwietering et al, 2016). Campylobacter This microbes cause food contamination called the campylobacteriosis. They are likewise the regular reason for loose bowels in Australia. They are frequently seen as harming the food that is half-cooked. The grocery store chickens are for the most part defiled with this kind of microscopic organisms. Individuals ought to be additional consideration while dealing with the cooking stuffs. The hands ought to be very much cleaned and purified while cleaving or utilizing the utensils. Listeria Listeria monocytogenes originates from the cooking place. The pregnant ladies and the youngsters who have less safe framework persuades progressively opportunity to be influenced by the sickness. They basically defile the fish, precooked shop meats, premixed crude vegetables. To advance security from this organism one should see to the upkeep of the work environment with cleanliness maintence and. The crude materials that will be very much washed (Luning et al, 2015) Brilliant staph They contaminate the people through the cut in the skins and the manifestations of the sickness may cause sore throat and growing, rankles and impetigo. The poultry, eggs and journal are essentially sullied with this organism. The individuals who are contacting food should consistently wash their hands and furthermore utilize clean expendable gloves. Clostridium perfringens Not suitable prepared food and refrigerated food are the principle wellspring of C. perfringes cells that cause food contamination. They cause Diaarhea and stomach issue. The more seasoned individuals and newborn children are profoundly helpless to this. The preventive estimates will incorporate all around prepared food. There ought to be utilization of the food thermometer. The food ought to be kept hot in the wake of cooking and afterward ought to be devoured. Bacillus cereus It causes stomach issue. These microscopic organisms produce poisons that lead to the food poisioning. The fundamental security measure that can be taken is that if the food is put away for longer than 2 hours or if the food is cold about 400F they ought to be all around warmed before devouring (Keuckelaere et al, 2015) Contextual analyses Hazard Reason of hazard anticipation The easygoing staff in the inn had cut in the hand The food left for quite a long time The food left in the fridge The staff whenever tainted with any organisms than different people expending it will be influenced. This could be another explanation behind food contamination because of microorganisms as the long hour time is sufficient for the organism to develop The virus condition is ideal for the organisms to develop. These will incorporate legitimate treatment of the food and the food ought to be warmed before it is devoured (Mcauley et al, 2014). References Keuckelaere, A., Jacxsens, L., Amoah, P., Medema, G., McClure, P., Jaykus, L. A., Uyttendaele, M. (2015). Zero hazard doesn't exist: exercises gained from microbial hazard appraisal identified with utilization of water and wellbeing of new produce.Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,14(4), 387-410. Luning, P. A., Kirezieva, K., Hagelaar, G., Rovira, J., Uyttendaele, M., Jacxsens, L. (2015). Execution appraisal of sanitation the executives frameworks in creature based food organizations taking into account their setting attributes: an European study.Food Control,49, 11-22. Mcauley, C. M., McMillan, K., Moore, S. C., Fegan, N., Fox, E. M. (2014).Prevalence and portrayal of foodborne pathogens from Australian dairy ranch environments.Journal of dairy science,97(12), 7402-7412. Zwietering, M. H., Jacxsens, L., Membr, J. M., Nauta, M., Peterz, M. (2016). Importance of microbial completed item testing in sanitation management.Food Control,60, 31-43.

Ian Lemke - Compare and Contrast free essay sample

Think about Contrast In 1848, Cady Stanton gave her Declaration of Sentiments, arguing for the option to cast a ballot and reasonable treatment to be given to ladies, which was guaranteed as of now in 1776. While the nation was as yet youthful, John Adams wite, Abigail thought of him a letter mentioning the privileges of ladies be Included In the record he was having composed. This was the Declaration of Independence. 30th of these determinations have a shared objective: they are being composed with the reason to pick up ladies more rights. Despite the fact that they were composed in view of a similar reason, they are totally different. The disposition and design of the articles are totally extraordinary, also they had totally separate crowds Despite the undeniable contrasts, the two of them hit the nail on the head with their target groups. Abigail kept in touch with her letter tor her better half alone. Him being an agent to the First conunental congress, she had trusts as a main priority that she could give ladies the rights they merit, that she could raise the status of ladies by leaving an effect on the establishing record of the nation. We will compose a custom article test on Ian Lemke Compare and Contrast or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Utilizing dangers of defiance, she requested that he Remember the women, and be more liberal and avorable to them than your predecessors. Stanton, creator of the Declaration of Sentiments, needed to impact the conclusions and increase support among the general population just as the main government authorities. Not exclusively hoping to win the tight tor uniformity, she had trusted she would have enough of an Effect that individuals would hear her voice and battle for a change in political structure. She battled for an adjustment in the legitimate status of ladies. Utilizing ground-breaking proclamations like Women are politely dead, as theyre denied casting a ballot benefits, and that marriage denies ladies of their ndependence, she got a great deal of consideration and backing from a wide range of spots. ntortunately, regardless of their argues being heard by the country, it wasnt enough. Theres a major contrast between being heard and having any kind of effect, which they deplorably discovered. They attempted their best, and unmistakably left their blemish on history yet It took an additional 72 years before ladies were given their essential rights and opportunities. The saddest part is theres despite everything bias wherever you go, everything we can do is continue battling for a positive change and expectation it comes soon!

Comparable Factors for a Reputable Course - 275 Words

Comparable Factors for a Reputable Course (Essay Sample) Content: Comparable Factors for a Reputable Course James. O. Odhaimbo Topwriterlist.Com 3 April 2014 OUTLINE 1 Introduction * Reasons For Career Preference * Trends 2 Factors Determining Choice Of Courses 3 Conclusion Comparable Factors for a Reputable Course Essentially, there are a number of factors considered before concluding to the choice of a course by a student. It is notable that, most students make decisions due to parental wishes, university costs or even location of friends. However, it is imperative for real examination of the detailed structures and systems of the universities courses, the economic environment, personal ambitions, curriculum systems, institutional size, and academic pressure. When a student has been showing consistent interest in a given field of study, it is normally realized that he/she is likely to take it up in advanced stages since the college content is just an advanced development of the preceding syllabus. This supports the fact that academic interest and the depth of attitude remains the common denominator among the learners in different colleges across the world (Muratori 46-8). These factors depend on the universal perception There have been cases where students take some time in their life in order to discover their potential. In such cases, the students would prefer a specific course that would measure up to the career choice. Inthis scenario, the previous academic line of focus may be disregarded (Muratori 57-9). For example, due to the dictatorial influence...

Why We Need Leaders of Integrity in Government Essay

How many times a year do we turn on the news only to see another depressing story about how our government leaders have failed their duties? How many times do we hear tales of leaders dealing below the board, working on their own agenda or for their own enjoyment, rather than working for the people that they serve? From the president of our country to lowly mayors of small towns, there are numerous examples of leaders that have failed to properly guide our country because of their irresponsible personal choices. Even though some people blame the system for flaws in our government, the real problem lies with the people who run it, which is why what our government needs, are leaders whose goal is to serve the American people and keep their†¦show more content†¦Even when storms come, the building will continue to stand because there is nothing in it that is flawed, no piece that does not belong, and no cracked or faulty cornerstone. A leader that has integrity will be like that skyscraper, firm in all of their beliefs, someone who knows what they believe and does it, a person that will not fail when storms come, but will stand strong in the face of difficulty. Now that we have a good idea what integrity is, we can look at how to keep it. Keeping integrity is one of the hardest things to do in this world. The Bible says, â€Å"Insert quote about bad people wanting to corrupt good people here.† It is difficult to tell if a leader will be able to stay true to what he says until they are actually leading. One way to tell is to look at who they are serving. Are they serving themselves? If so, when they lead they will be very tempted to go back on their word, lie, steal funds, have affairs, and simply not deal above the board. When a leader performs his duty correctly it’s called serving, serving a term, or serving in office, but they’re not supposed to be serving themselves, they are supposed to be serving the people they lead. When leaders serve themselves they are more apt to use their power only to benefit themselves rather than their people. Abraham Lincoln said, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you wan t to test a mans character, give him power.† So theShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Ethics Don t Require Formal Punishment1493 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonstrates the values and expectations of the duties of public officials. The codes of ethics don’t require formal punishment but more of the fear of the organization falling apart. Which insinuates that values are needed, because as public officials, we need to know how to handle challenges issues and situations. Values can simply be looked at as the guideline and rules to in organization and public officials. According to Svara, â€Å"Administrative ethics refers to well-based standards of right and wrongRead MoreEffective Communication, Effective, Charismatic, And Innovator Leadership Style1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthat a leader should have. Not only communicate each other, the way to express is also important. We should learn how to communicate effectively to many people to get keynote of why we communicate. Leadership is enacted through communication. Therefore, effective communication is the key to achieving an effective, charismatic, and innovator leadership style. When employees realize CEO communication as excellent and satisfactory, they tend to rate their CEOs as charismatic leaders. CEOs mustRead MoreHow Ethics Influences Leadership1596 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased loyalty, cooperation, communication, and results then he must be prepared to consistently model the attributes of an effective leader by his fair and predictable behavior. 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One cannot motivate nor able to lead a group of people or anRead MoreA Brief Draft On Advocate For Abused Women And Children1268 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone knows that violence at home affects every member of the family. That is why the organization will provide large range of service which includes group counselling, case management advocacy, doctors, nurses etc. Abused women and children are the weaker set of people in our society; they need the support of the people and leaders in our society. Applying the wisdom of the sadhu, Hobbes, kyi and al-farabi, the leaders of our organization will educate the people on the dangers/effect of domesticRead MoreThe Numbers Are Sta rk. Despite Women’S Impressive Gains1557 Words   |  7 Pagesoutnumber women in leadership, especially in top positions. 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As an employee you have a duty to respond to your customer or they will lose the need for your product or service. General Motors Incorporation of theRead MoreRussian Election Essay747 Words   |  3 Pagespossible Russian involvement in the 2016 campaign election? The answer is a simple yes. This issue deserves the concerns of U.S. citizens because it affects all of our lives. It affects our security as a nation, it affects the confidence we have in our government, and it takes away from what makes America what it is. The most important thing that should be noted about the election hacking is that it poses a serious national security threat. According to C. Mitchell Shaw, a writer for The New AmericanRead MoreEditorial Evaluation876 Words   |  4 PagesThe rest of the reasons which include government spending and a society that would rather spend then save, are very supportive of the conclusion. The editorial’s reasoning is usually explained , and does not assume the reader is informed of all the issues. However, it says â€Å"The Great Recession exposed weaknesses in the economic models of the United States†(Jones, 2011, Para. 5). This assumes that the reader already knows what the Great Recession is, and why it came about. Other than this exceptionRead MoreIn Defense of Politicians: Stephen Medvic1672 Words   |  7 PagesStephen Medvic, In Defense of Politicians, discusses why Americans feel that politicians are dishonest. In 2007, a Gallup poll about honesty and ethical standards for occupations, showed that only 12 and 9 percent of people felt that Congressmen and State office holders held high standards, (Medvic p. 2). In addition, Americans tend to like their representatives more than the members of Congress because they view them as actual people. Americans view Congress as a group of politicians who are greedy

Lab Questions Flvs Music Appreciation free essay sample

Jazz was one of the music genres that was greatly influenced by Latin music. The incorporation of Latin music, Latin American Jazz moves and the afro-Cuban beat also helped Modern dance emerge in the 20th century. 2. Machismo and his Afro-Cubans were the original Mambo Kings in the asss. They laid down the foundation for Salsa- Jazz ensembles. They also redefined Afro-Cuban Jazz, and greatly contributed to the creation of Cubby and Salsa. Drizzly made Chant Pizza his drummer in the late asss and was introduced to Pizza by Mario Abuzz. Drizzly also worked with Abuzz in clubs and played music with him, which helped him bring the Latin feel into his music. 4. The Palladium was a concert hall in NYC and later became a night club. The Palladium became the Home of the Mambo. 5. Films brought in Latin music to make it available to a broader audience. West Side Story was one of the very famous movies that brought Latin music to the light. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Questions Flvs Music Appreciation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6.Latin composers like Carols Santa have incorporated a Latin feel into the Rock genre. Many rock songs have a direct lineage to Latin music, or were written by Latin composers. 7. I think Latin music skyrocketed in popularity because if its happy upbeat nature, and happy feeling. When I listen to the song Danna Kudos by Don Omar the Inner Latin comes out In me and I Just want to Dance with all of my friends. 8. Yes the music I listen to has Latin influences, I listen to all types of music, even Latin music. 🙂

Sexual violence as a tool of genocide

As an observer of other cultures, one can easily draw conclusions regarding practices and distinguish what they consider to be ‘natural’ and acquired behavior. But truth can only be known if one is part of that culture or community. A close examination of the book elicits reactions on how women have been abused. The author discusses about stereotypical conducts against women who are not white. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual violence as a tool of genocide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is painful to see some cases where women are considered as objects that can be raped which is a behavior that cannot be condoned. Issues concerning the way men perceive gender issues and violence towards women who are non whites is scrutinized by the author. How we analyze issues regarding sexual violence differ. Sexual violence was used as a tool of colonization and discrimination on the basis of race. Th e biggest victims of sexual violence in this case, are communities who are not white. The author himself argues that, â€Å"colonial relationships were gendered and sexualized.† Though sexual violence affects both native and foreign women, the magnitude with which they are addressed is different. In this case, when Indian men and women are abused, the manner in which the act is perceived is different from when a native woman is abused. In the event that a native woman is sexually abused, it is considered an attack on her as a woman and as a native woman. This is a clear indication that issues to do with colonization, racism and gender segregation cannot be separated because they all interrelate in some ways. A ruling by the court in a case among the Aboriginal people of Australia demonstrates the justification of injustices of sexual violence towards women. In this case, a fifty year old Aboriginal man had raped a fifteen year old girl. The ruling by the judge was lenient on the offender due to his statement that the rape case was not a serious crime but an act of ‘traditional culture.’ Among the basis of his ruling is the fact that the girl knew what to do and that protection was unnecessary because she was aware that the man who raped her had also killed his former wife. Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the testimony of the anthropologist, â€Å"rape was a traditional act and morally correct.† In my opinion, this is misleading and is likely to escalate activities of sexual violence against women. It is disgusting to observe the expert say that this act is a ‘cultural behavior’ and that it is ‘morally correct.’ The author does a good analysis by relating the origin of sexual violence and genocide to racist discrimination and colonization to women in a broad context. Colonialist used sexu al violence as a means of getting rid of native people while slave masters used it to bore children who were intended for labor use. Immigrant women have not been spared by discrimination. They have also experienced sexual harassment and widespread bias in employment policies which sideline them. A good example is the Chinese women. As a result, these women are forced to engage in immoral behaviors in order to earn a living, that is prostitution. Nothing beneficial can come from this perception of women. If the practice continues, while authorities continue accepting it as a ‘cultural behavior’ then people are going to take it as a common practice hence, they will continue practicing it. Women need to be empowered and given equal opportunities in life. This essay on Sexual violence as a tool of genocide was written and submitted by user Hana Walker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fix Common Runtime Errors in Java With Careful Debugging

Fix Common Runtime Errors in Java With Careful Debugging Consider the following segment of Java code, stored in a file called JollyMessage.java: // A jolly message is written to the screen! class Jollymessage {   Ã‚  Ã‚  public static void main(String[] args) {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //Write the message to the terminal window   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(Ho Ho Ho!);   Ã‚  Ã‚  } } At program execution, this code will produce a runtime error message. In other words, a mistake has been made somewhere, but the error won’t be identified when the program is compiled, only when it is run. Debugging In the example above, notice that the class is called â€Å"Jollymessage† whereas the filename is called JollyMessage.java. Java is case sensitive. The compiler won’t complain because technically there is nothing wrong with the code. It will create a class file that matches the class name exactly (i.e., Jollymessage.class). When you run the program called JollyMessage, youll receive an error message because there is no file called JollyMessage.class. The error you receive when you run a program with the wrong name is: Exception in thread â€Å"main† java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: JollyMessage (wrong name: JollyMessage).. Common Runtime-Error Solutions If your program compiles successfully but fails at execution, review your code for common mistakes: Mismatched single and double quotesMissing quotes for stringsIncorrect comparison operators (e.g., not using double equal signs to indicate assignment)Referencing objects that dont exist, or dont exist using the capitalization supplied in the codeReferencing an object that has no properties Working within integrated development environments like Eclipse can help you avoid typo-style errors. To debug productionalized  Java programs, run your Web browsers debugger- you should see a hexadecimal error message that can assist in isolating the specific cause of the problem. In some situations, the problem may lie not in your code, but in your Java Virtual Machine. If the JVM is choking, it may kick out a runtime error despite the lack of a deficiency in the programs codebase. A browser debugger message will help isolate code-caused from JVM-caused errors.

Leading Organization Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leading Organization Change - Essay Example Macro level (big scale - organizational level causes) Demand for Little-bit's product has been strong, however, quality decrease because of organizational culture. Little-bit's reputation is crumbling because of its managers' negative public statements. Fairly flat structure of Little-bit. Micro level (small scale - group/individual level causes) Members of the organization has their own agenda, the whole organization is not working for the company's vision and objectives. The leaders also divided, they decide individually. Too many members of the management, the functions and responsibilities overlap. 3. Identify which of the four systems are affected - e.g. Interpersonal, Techno-structural, Human processes, Strategic. Note: Using Text Book The most affected by change is the strategic system, because change is simply unavoidable in the business world. The advent of globalization and information technology taught organizations well that change is necessary. To become stagnant is to deprive the organization of its chances to survive in a harsh, unpredictable and rapidly changing business environment. 4. Identify which organizational metaphors (machines or political or organisms or flux and transformation ) are generally applied by members of the organization Note: Using concept stated in S_Reading 4.6 The members of Little-bit are applying the organizational metaphors such as organisms (it is important to maximize to fit between individual, team and organizational needs), cultures and political system (the company applies autocracy and there are coalitions between individuals that is more important than work teams). 5. Identify which new metaphors (machines or political or organisms or flux and...For example, if you selected a theoretical approach that indicated that managers are capable of shaping their environment, then you would need to select interventions and other factors that are consistent with this approach. The most affected by change is the strategic system, because change is simply unavoidable in the business world. The advent of globalization and information technology taught organizations well that change is necessary. To become stagnant is to deprive the organization of its chances to survive in a harsh, unpredictable and rapidly changing business environment. The members of Little-bit are applying the organizational metaphors such as organisms (it is important to maximize to fit between individual, team and organizational needs), cultures and political system (the company applies autocracy and there are coalitions between individuals that is more important than work teams). Little-bit should apply the concept of "organizations as machines" because in this metaphor change must be driven and resistance can be managed. The company's objectives can be set at the beginning of the process and can give the direction. 7. Identify which meta-model of change is most appropriate.

Analysis of Barack Obamas Inaugural Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Analysis of Barack Obamas Inaugural - Essay Example The result is an incredibly effective speech which I find very stirring emotionally, focusing on a communal struggle rather than his own abilities, so much so that it is difficult to fault it on a lack of logical proposals.   His uses ethos and pathos to emphasize communal struggle as the central aspect of his presidency while filling in the hole with logos to reassure the more critical of the audience, which combines to make an incredibly stirring speech. Barack Obama’s inauguration took place on January 20th, 2009 on the steps of the American Capital building. Much of the context surrounding this speech was entirely traditional to a presidential inauguration – the date in cold late January, the same location as every other inauguration since the capital buildings were built. But the context also had important aspects to it that were unique to this particular event. First, the event was historic, even for an inauguration address. Barack Obama was the first black person ever elected as president of the United States, which in and of itself was important (Tufankjian). He also had by far the most grass-roots campaign that had ever elected a president in recent memory, with the most amount of small donors (Tufankjian). This leads to his rhetoric focusing highly on ideas of communal struggle while eschewing his independent role. Furthermore, America was in the midst of the worst financial crisis since the great depression, s o a tone of hope was important for his speech. Probably the least overplayed part of Obama’s speech was his ethos. Rather than build himself up as a toweringly powerful candidate, or focusing on his position as one of the preeminent constitutional law scholars in America, Obama focused on his humble beginning to try to make himself an everyman, position himself as an outsider who understood the common people’s needs.     Ã‚  

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument Essay Example for Free

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument Essay Explain Anselm’s ontological argument. The ontological argument was put forth at first as a prayer by the eleventh century monk and philosopher Anselm of Canterbury. In his Proslogion, which means discourse, he presented this argument as a prayer for believers to substantiate their belief in god. Anselm uses ‘a priori’ (which means before experience) reasoning, which conveys that it does not rely or depend on experience and so an argument of this sort is more plausible and likely to intrigue and attract philosophers, by not depending on experience or acquaintances it can be understood and derived purely from logic. Furthermore its truth doesn’t depend on anything apart from logic and can be deduced purely from the meaning of the words used in the argument. The ontological argument uses deductive reasoning, which means its conclusion is contained within the premises presented, and if one accepts these premises to be true then one must accept that the conclusion is also correct; an argument of this sort would be: 1. Men are all mortal. 2. Renà © Descartes was a man. 3. Consequently Renà © Descartes is mortal. From this example if we accept the premises (12) then logically we must accept the conclusion (3) so in some form this argument presents a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion. Anselm’s argument said ‘God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived’, by greater he means perfect and by conceived he means to think of, so we can put in other words: God is that than which nothing more perfect can be thought of. When Anselm first wrote this in the Proslogion, his intentions for this were not for it to be used as an argument to prove God’s existence but just a mere prayer for believers, but due to his reliance solely on reason and logic it has become popular and has overcome the test of time as it is still relevant today and is being studied. The argument can take this form: 1. God is that than which nothing more perfect can be thought of. 2. Even a fool can understand this definition. (By fool Anselm most likely meant someone who does not believe in god, and so he said this to show that  this argument is nothing of a complex sort but of a simple nature which can be comprehended by anyone, even a fool as Anselm said.) 3. This fool says that god ceases to exist in reality, merely as an idea. 4. It is greater to exist both in the understanding and in reality, than essentially just in the understanding. 5. The greatest possible being, for it to be the greatest must truly exist in both modes: reality and understanding. 6. Hence god does exist both in reality and in the understanding; therefore we can also conclude that the fool in reality is actually a fool. (The fool is denying the existence of the greatest possible being, this being must exist for it to be the greatest possible being, and if he wasn’t the greatest possible being then surely we could conceive of something greater.) Anselm starts the argument with a definition, and uses this definition to prove god into existence, however this argument relies on a particular definition and analysis of a particular one. There are two fundamental and paramount facets to this argument: one is the understanding of the definition, this is an integral part of the argument, because the argument arises from this start point, and also that it is greater to exist both in reality and in understanding. Anselm understood god in an analytical sense, analytic sense is where the whole meaning of a word or statement is transferred through the words only, like for example, Tom has a brother, you wouldn’t say he has a brother who is a male because the fact that he is a male is already conveyed through the meaning of the word brother. And so likewise, Anselm understood god in the same way, so it isn’t necessary to say ‘god, you know exists’ the aspect of existence is already given away from the word god, and so in a way could be perceived as inseparable from god. This argument mentioned hitherto was found in Proslogion 2, which tried to prove gods existence. A contemporary of his, Gaunilo of Marmoutier who was a monk and also a theist, replied to Anselm’s Proslogion, with a work titled ‘On Behalf of the Fool’, he was truly also a Christian and had a firm belief in god, but he rejected the jump from the definition that god is the greatest being to the conclusion that he must exist. Gaunilo claimed that through Anselm’s reasoning we can potentially prove anything one wishes into  existence by proposing it’s the greatest thing or maximally perfect in its calibre. He used the example of an Island, that if we were to say that there existed an island which was the most excellent and possessed an inestimable wealth, we can easily understand this; even a fool can comprehend this. And therefore it is the most excellent, and it is more excellent to exist both in reality and in understanding moreover this island must exist. He argued even a fool is right to be sceptical about Anselm’s argument, as evidence is required for a matter as great as god. Furthermore he went on to claim that Anselm’s argument is a ‘reducto ad absurdum’, this is Latin for reduced to absurdity. As Anselm was aware of this criticism during his lifetime, he wrote a Reply to Gaunilo, in this he defends his argument and draws up another aspect. He says ‘God cannot be conceived not to exist†¦ That which can be conceived not to exist is not god’. This introduces another matter; Anselm asks whether a god is greater who can be thought of as not existing or a god which cannot be thought of not existing. Furthermore he claims that it is a contradiction for a god who can be thought of not existing if he truly is the greatest possible. Anselm created a dichotomy between the concepts of things: necessary and contingent existences. Anselm himself didn’t use these aforementioned terms himself but were later applied by philosophers but Anselm did split the two as he described the island as physical and therefore he could easily propose that it could cease to exist due to other physical causes like for example the sea levels rising could eradicate the island completely. However he said that it is impossible to imagine the greatest being not existing or ceasing to exist, and then surely it would not be the greatest being. Necessary existences do not depend on any other thing for it to exist, as it is the greatest thing so it is not predisposed to anything else. On the other hand, contingent existences do depend on other things and also there was a time when they didn’t exist, like for example humans, who are a perfect example of a contingent being. However Anselm argued that god was a necessary being, and it cannot be thought of as not existing, it has always exists and always will. It is rather hard to conceive of another necessary being or existence  apart from this. Anselm put forward this proposition in Proslogion 3, that god has a necessary existence, and this is the type of god that he is, in this way Anselm shows that Gaunilo was a fool as he didn’t understand the type of god that Anselm discussed.

hydropower :: essays research papers

Renewable Energy (Hydropower) The first time hydropower was used was in 1880 to generate 16 lamps at a wolverine chair factory in Grand Rapids Michigan. In the United States, hydroelectric plants opened near Appleton, Wisconsin on the Fox River on September 30, 1882. At that time, the only fuel used to make electricity was coal because of its abundance and low cost. People knew about hydroelectric power but the only places you could do that is by a water source. Hydropower became more popular when technology could send electricity long distances. To make hydropower, you have to direct moving water into pipes known as penstock. The swiftly flowing water in big rivers determines the energy produced or waterfalls, like the Columbia River or Niagara Falls. After the moving water is directed into the penstock, it pushes against the blades in the turbine to spin a generator that produces electricity. The other way to get hydropower is a storage system where water is collected by dams and will direct water into the penstock to turn the generator when the demand for electricity is high. The water being held back by the dam becomes lakes used for boating and fishing. The rivers beyond the dam become whitewater rafting and kayaking spots. An example of this is the Hoover dam, made in 1936 between Arizona and Nevada. This dam created lake 110 miles long called Lake Mead, offering water sports and fishing. Almost all of the hydroelectricity made in the United States is made in nine states, Washington, California, Oregon, New York, Tennessee, South Carolina, South Dakota, Arkansas, and Nevada. Hydropower is an ideal fuel because it is renewable and almost free, having no waste products, and does not pollute the water or air. A negative about hydropower is how it changes the environment and alters the natural habitats. An example of the negative effect on nature by a dam was when the salmon was blocked from their spawning grounds upstream.

Aig Accounting Scandal

Guidelines for Memos A list of resources for good business writing appears at the end of this document. It is strongly recommended that any serious business person consider owning writing resources. Written communication is often the distinguishing factor in determining career success in any business or government environment. The following are general guidelines intended to assist the student attempting to write a business memo for the first time. A memo (short for memorandum which is latin for thing to be remembered) is used extensively for internal business communication.Every company or government has its own format but typically there is a centered heading â€Å"Memorandum† at the top of the page, followed by left indented sub-headings â€Å"To:† (followed by â€Å"CC:† where appropriate), â€Å"From:†, â€Å"Date:† and â€Å"Subject:†. Note that CC is short for Carbon Copy – individuals who are receiving a copy of the memo for in formation purposes only. Typically memos are written to announce, clarify, respond, question or address any important issue within the entity. Memos are brief – few are longer than a page – so writers must choose their words carefully.Since they will be read by colleagues, managers, subordinates, etc. , a sloppy or inaccurate or long-winded memo can result in readers questioning the competence of the author. The addressee, any copied recipients and the sender are all identified only by name and title, e. g. John Smith, Manager, Internal Control. Telephone extension numbers or e-mail addresses can also be included, optionally. The Subject line should tell the reader exactly what the memo is about in as few words as possible. Examples are: â€Å"New Delivery Schedule for C-920†, â€Å"Policy re. Car Pooling†, â€Å"Christmas Shutdown Dates†, etc.The body of the memo need not be as formal as a letter since the recipients all work for the same company. Having said that, the more senior the audience, the more formal the style. However, in-house jargon and/or acronyms are acceptable (e. g. â€Å"as per CLQ regs. † or â€Å"this is consistent with RM-30†). Further, an informal or conversational style with short forms is also acceptable, particularly when the memo is being written to a colleague. Note that the reason for communicating by memo rather than by phone or personal visit, is so the sender and recipient have written evidence concerning the subject at hand.Therefore, the language chosen must be clear enough that there is no doubt as to how the subject will be treated and what course future actions will take. The reality is many memos are written to protect the writer rather than inform the recipient. Business Communication Resources Alred, G. J. , Brusaw, C. T. , & Oliu, W. E. (2006). The business writer’s handbook (8th ed. ). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Guffey, M. E. , & Almonte, R. (2013). Esse ntials of business communication (7th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Nelson. (includes sections on resumes, cover letters, speaking skills and career search) Guffey, M. E. , Loewy, D. , Rhodes, K. Rogin, P. (2013). Business communication : Process and product (4th Brief Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Nelson. (includes sections on resumes, cover letters and career search) Locker, K. O. , Kaczmarek, S. K. , Braun, K. (2010). Business communication: Building critical skills (4th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Harty, K. J. (2008). Strategies for business and technical writing (6th ed. ). New York: Pearson Longman. Lindsell-Roberts, S. (2006). 135 tips for writing successful business documents. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Davis, K. (2010) The McGraw-Hill 36-Hour Course in Business writing and Communications.New York: McGraw-Hill. Hogue, A. (2004) The Essentials of English: A Writer's Handbook. White Plains, NY. : Pearson Education (lots of grammar/punctuation resources) Strunk Jr. , W. & White, E. B. (1999 or 2011) The Elements of Style. New York: Pearson Longman (brief classic guide to common writing mistakes and corrections) Zinsser, W. (2006) On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Non-Fiction. New York: Harper (another very brief classic guide considered helpful by most writers) Online Writing Lab at Purdue University: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/ (arguably the best online resource, covering a broad range of useful topics) Aig Accounting Scandal Guidelines for Memos A list of resources for good business writing appears at the end of this document. It is strongly recommended that any serious business person consider owning writing resources. Written communication is often the distinguishing factor in determining career success in any business or government environment. The following are general guidelines intended to assist the student attempting to write a business memo for the first time. A memo (short for memorandum which is latin for thing to be remembered) is used extensively for internal business communication.Every company or government has its own format but typically there is a centered heading â€Å"Memorandum† at the top of the page, followed by left indented sub-headings â€Å"To:† (followed by â€Å"CC:† where appropriate), â€Å"From:†, â€Å"Date:† and â€Å"Subject:†. Note that CC is short for Carbon Copy – individuals who are receiving a copy of the memo for in formation purposes only. Typically memos are written to announce, clarify, respond, question or address any important issue within the entity. Memos are brief – few are longer than a page – so writers must choose their words carefully.Since they will be read by colleagues, managers, subordinates, etc. , a sloppy or inaccurate or long-winded memo can result in readers questioning the competence of the author. The addressee, any copied recipients and the sender are all identified only by name and title, e. g. John Smith, Manager, Internal Control. Telephone extension numbers or e-mail addresses can also be included, optionally. The Subject line should tell the reader exactly what the memo is about in as few words as possible. Examples are: â€Å"New Delivery Schedule for C-920†, â€Å"Policy re. Car Pooling†, â€Å"Christmas Shutdown Dates†, etc.The body of the memo need not be as formal as a letter since the recipients all work for the same company. Having said that, the more senior the audience, the more formal the style. However, in-house jargon and/or acronyms are acceptable (e. g. â€Å"as per CLQ regs. † or â€Å"this is consistent with RM-30†). Further, an informal or conversational style with short forms is also acceptable, particularly when the memo is being written to a colleague. Note that the reason for communicating by memo rather than by phone or personal visit, is so the sender and recipient have written evidence concerning the subject at hand.Therefore, the language chosen must be clear enough that there is no doubt as to how the subject will be treated and what course future actions will take. The reality is many memos are written to protect the writer rather than inform the recipient. Business Communication Resources Alred, G. J. , Brusaw, C. T. , & Oliu, W. E. (2006). The business writer’s handbook (8th ed. ). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Guffey, M. E. , & Almonte, R. (2013). Esse ntials of business communication (7th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Nelson. (includes sections on resumes, cover letters, speaking skills and career search) Guffey, M. E. , Loewy, D. , Rhodes, K. Rogin, P. (2013). Business communication : Process and product (4th Brief Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Nelson. (includes sections on resumes, cover letters and career search) Locker, K. O. , Kaczmarek, S. K. , Braun, K. (2010). Business communication: Building critical skills (4th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Harty, K. J. (2008). Strategies for business and technical writing (6th ed. ). New York: Pearson Longman. Lindsell-Roberts, S. (2006). 135 tips for writing successful business documents. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Davis, K. (2010) The McGraw-Hill 36-Hour Course in Business writing and Communications.New York: McGraw-Hill. Hogue, A. (2004) The Essentials of English: A Writer's Handbook. White Plains, NY. : Pearson Education (lots of grammar/punctuation resources) Strunk Jr. , W. & White, E. B. (1999 or 2011) The Elements of Style. New York: Pearson Longman (brief classic guide to common writing mistakes and corrections) Zinsser, W. (2006) On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Non-Fiction. New York: Harper (another very brief classic guide considered helpful by most writers) Online Writing Lab at Purdue University: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/ (arguably the best online resource, covering a broad range of useful topics)

Understanding Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder

The term passive-aggressive is used to describe behavior that expresses defiance or hostility indirectly, rather than openly. These behaviors can include deliberately forgetting or procrastinating, complaining about a lack of appreciation, and a sullen demeanor. Passive-aggressive personality disorder (also called negativistic personality disorder) was first officially described by the U.S. War Department in 1945. Over the years, the associated symptoms changed; later, passive-aggressiveness was declassified as a formal diagnosis. Key Takeaways The term passive-aggressive refers to behavior that expresses defiance or hostility indirectly, rather than openly.The term passive-aggressive was first officially documented in a 1945 U.S. War Department bulletin.Passive-aggressive personality disorder is no longer classified as a diagnosable disorder, but is still considered relevant in the field of psychology. Origins and History The first official documentation of passive-aggressive personality disorder was in a technical bulletin issued in 1945 by the U.S. War Department. In the bulletin, Colonel William Menninger described soldiers who refused to comply with orders. Instead of outwardly expressing their defiance, however, the soldiers behaved in a passively aggressive manner. For instance, according to the bulletin, they would pout, procrastinate, or otherwise behave stubbornly or inefficiently. When the American Psychiatric Association prepared the first edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the association incorporated many phrases from the bulletin to describe the disorder. Some later editions of the manual also listed passive-aggressiveness as a personality disorder. However, by the time the third edition of the manual was released, the disorder had become controversial, as some psychologists believed that passive-aggressive behavior was a response to specific situations rather than being itself a broad personality disorder. Subsequent editions and revisions of the DSM expanded and changed the diagnostic requirements for passive-aggressive personality disorder, including symptoms like irritability and sulking. In the fourth edition of the manual published in 1994, the DSM-IV, passive-aggressive personality disorder was renamed â€Å"negativistic† personality disorder, which was thought to more clearly delineate the underlying causes of passive-aggressiveness. The disorder was also moved to the appendix, indicating the need for further study before it could be listed as an official diagnosis. In the DSM-V, released in 2013, passive-aggressiveness was listed under â€Å"Personality Disorder – Trait Specified,† emphasizing that passive-aggressiveness is a personality trait rather than a specific personality disorder. Theories on Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder Joseph McCann’s 1988 review on passive-aggressive disorder lists a number of potential causes of passive-aggressive personality disorder, divided into five distinct approaches. However, McCann noted that many of the writings are speculative; not all of them are necessarily backed by research. Psychoanalytic. This approach has roots in Sigmund Freud’s work and emphasizes the role of the unconscious in psychology. For example, one psychoanalytic view suggests that when individuals exhibit passive-aggressive behavior, they are attempting to reconcile their need to be seen as agreeable by others with their desire to express a negative attitude.Behavioral. This approach emphasizes observable and quantifiable behaviors. The behavioral approach suggests that passive-aggressive behavior occurs when someone has not learned how to assert themselves, feels anxiety about asserting themselves, or fears a negative response to their assertive behavior.  Interpersonal. This approach emphasizes the associations between two or more people. One interpersonal approach suggests that passive-aggressive people may be both quarrelsome and submissive in their relationships with other people.Social. This approach emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing human behavior. One so cial approach suggests that contradictory messages from family members during someone’s upbringing can cause that person to be more â€Å"on guard† later in life.Biological. This approach emphasizes the role of biological factors in contributing to passive-aggressive behavior. One biological approach suggests that there may be specific genetic factors that would cause someone to have erratic moods and irritable behaviors, as may be seen in passive-aggressive personality disorder. (At the time of McCanns review, there was no research to solidify this hypothesis.) Sources Beck AT, Davis DD, Freeman, A. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. 3rd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2015.Grohol, JM. DSM-5 change: Personality disorders (Axis II). PsychCentral website. https://pro.psychcentral.com/dsm-5-changes-personality-disorders-axis-ii/. 2013.Hopwood, CJ et al. The construct validity of passive-aggressive personality disorder. Psychiatry, 2009; 72(3): 256-267.Lane, C. The surprising history of passive-aggressive personality disorder. Theory Psychol, 2009; 19(1).McCann, JT. Passive-aggressive personality disorder: A review. J Pers Disord, 1988; 2(2), 170-179.